linux删除文件后没有释放空间

以下文章摘自http://blog.csdn.net/wyzxg/article/details/4971843

今天发现一台服务器的home空间满了，于是要清空无用的文件，当我删除文件后，发现可用空间没有变化

os：centos4.7

现象：

发现当前磁盘空间使用情况：

[root@ticketb ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1             981M  203M  729M  22% /
none                   16G     0   16G   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda9             2.9G   37M  2.7G   2% /tmp
/dev/sda7             4.9G  1.9G  2.7G  42% /usr
/dev/sda8             2.9G  145M  2.6G   6% /var
/dev/mapper/vghome-lvhome
                       20G   19G   11M 100% /home
/dev/mapper/vgoradata-lvoradata
                      144G   48G   90G  35% /u01/oradata
/dev/mapper/vgbackup-lvbackup
                      193G  7.8G  175G   5% /u01/backup

通过下面的命令找到无用的文件，然后删除

[root@ticketb ~]# find /home/oracle/admin/dbticb/udump/ -name "dbticb_*.trc" -mtime +50 | xargs rm -rf

然后在查看磁盘空间使用情况，发现没有/home空间没有变化

[root@ticketb ~]# df -h

Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1             981M  203M  729M  22% /
none                   16G     0   16G   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda9             2.9G   37M  2.7G   2% /tmp
/dev/sda7             4.9G  1.9G  2.7G  42% /usr
/dev/sda8             2.9G  145M  2.6G   6% /var
/dev/mapper/vghome-lvhome
                       20G   19G   11M 100% /home
/dev/mapper/vgoradata-lvoradata
                      144G   48G   90G  35% /u01/oradata
/dev/mapper/vgbackup-lvbackup
                      193G  7.8G  175G   5% /u01/backup

这个郁闷啊，明明删除文件了，怎么空间没有被释放啊，rm命令应该是直接删除啊，在查看下/home下还有什么占用空间

[root@ticketb ~]# du -h --max-depth=1  /home

16K     /home/lost+found
2.6G    /home/oracle
2.6G    /home

可这里显示空间已经释放了啊，于是google下，

未释放磁盘空间原因：

在Linux或者Unix系统中，通过rm或者文件管理器删除文件将会从文件系统的目录结构上解除链接(unlink).然而如果文件是被

打开的（有一个进程正在使用），那么进程将仍然可以读取该文件，磁盘空间也一直被占用。而我删除的是oracle的告警log文件
删除的时候文件应该正在被使用

解决方法

首先获得一个已经被删除但是仍然被应用程序占用的文件列表，如下所示：

[root@ticketb ~]# lsof |grep deleted
oracle    12639  oracle    5w      REG              253,0         648     215907 /home/oracle/admin/dbticb/udump/dbticb_ora_12637.trc (deleted)
oracle    12639  oracle    6w      REG              253,0 16749822091     215748 /home/oracle/admin/dbticb/bdump/alert_dbticb.log (deleted)
oracle    12639  oracle    7u      REG              253,0           0      36282 /home/oracle/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/dbs/lkinstdbticb (deleted)
oracle    12639  oracle    8w      REG              253,0 16749822091     215748 /home/oracle/admin/dbticb/bdump/alert_dbticb.log (deleted)
oracle    12641  oracle    5w      REG              253,0         648     215907 /home/oracle/admin/dbticb/udump/dbticb_ora_12637.trc (deleted)
oracle    12641  oracle    6w      REG              253,0 16749822091     215748 /home/oracle/admin/dbticb/bdump/alert_dbticb.log (deleted)。
。
。
oracle    23492  oracle    6w      REG              253,0 16749822091     215748 /home/oracle/admin/dbticb/bdump/alert_dbticb.log (deleted)
oracle    23492  oracle    7u      REG              253,0           0      36282 /home/oracle/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/dbs/lkinstdbticb (deleted)
oracle    23492  oracle    8w      REG              253,0 16749822091     215748 /home/oracle/admin/dbticb/bdump/alert_dbticb.log (deleted)
oracle    23494  oracle   10u      REG              253,0           0      36307 /home/oracle/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/dbs/lkinstrmandb (deleted)

从输出结果可以看到/home/oracle/admin/dbticb/bdump/alert_dbticb.log还被使用，未被释放空间

如何让进程释放呢？

一种方法是kill掉相应的进程，或者停掉使用这个文件的应用，让os自动回收磁盘空间

我这个环境有很多进程在使用的这个文件，停掉进程有点麻烦，再有就是风险很大

当linux打开一个文件的时候,Linux内核会为每一个进程在/proc/ 『/proc/nnnn/fd/目录（nnnn为pid）』建立一个以其pid为名的目录用来保存进程的相关信息，而其子目录fd保存的是该进程打开的所有文件的fd（fd：file descriptor）。

kill进程是通过截断proc文件系统中的文件可以强制要求系统回收分配给正在使用的的文件。
这是一项高级技术，仅到管理员确定不会对运行中的进程造成影响时使用。应用程序对这种方
式支持的并不好，当一个正在使用的文件被截断可能会引发不可预知的问题

所以我还是采用停应用来解决

restart oracle数据库，发现/home/oracle/admin/dbticb/bdump/alert_dbticb.log对应的空间被释放

在查看磁盘空间的使用情况，发现空间已经回收了

[root@ticketb ~]# df -h
Filesystem            Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda1             981M  203M  729M  22% /
none                   16G     0   16G   0% /dev/shm
/dev/sda9             2.9G   37M  2.7G   2% /tmp
/dev/sda7             4.9G  1.9G  2.7G  42% /usr
/dev/sda8             2.9G  145M  2.6G   6% /var
/dev/mapper/vghome-lvhome
                       20G  2.6G   16G  15% /home
/dev/mapper/vgoradata-lvoradata
                      144G   48G   90G  35% /u01/oradata
/dev/mapper/vgbackup-lvbackup
                      193G  7.8G  175G   5% /u01/backup

ok，问题解决，然后做下收尾工作即可

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学习下lsof命令

lsof全名list opened files，也就是列举系统中已经被打开的文件。我们都知道，linux环境中，任何事物都是文件，
设备是文件，目录是文件，甚至sockets也是文件。所以，用好lsof命令，对日常的linux管理非常有帮助。

lsof是linux最常用的命令之一，通常的输出格式为：

引用
COMMAND     PID   USER   FD      TYPE     DEVICE     SIZE       NODE NAME

常见包括如下几个字段：更多的可见manual。

1、COMMAND
默认以9个字符长度显示的命令名称。可使用+c参数指定显示的宽度，若+c后跟的参数为零，则显示命令的全名
2、PID：进程的ID号
3、PPID父进程的IP号，默认不显示，当使用-R参数可打开。
4、PGID
进程组的ID编号，默认也不会显示，当使用-g参数时可打开。
5、USER
命令的执行UID或系统中登陆的用户名称。默认显示为用户名，当使用-l参数时，可显示UID。
6、FD
是文件的File Descriptor number，或者如下的内容：
（这里很难翻译对应的意思，保留英文）

引用
cwd  current working directory;
Lnn  library references (AIX);
jld  jail directory (FreeBSD);
ltx  shared library text (code and data);
Mxx  hex memory-mapped type number xx.
m86  DOS Merge mapped file;
mem  memory-mapped file;
mmap memory-mapped device;
pd   parent directory;
rtd  root directory;
tr   kernel trace file (OpenBSD);
txt  program text (code and data);
v86  VP/ix mapped file;

文件的File Descriptor number显示模式有：

引用
r for read access;
w for write access;
u for read and write access;
N for a Solaris NFS lock of unknown type;
r for read lock on part of the file;
R for a read lock on the entire file;
w for a write lock on part of the file;
W for a write lock on the entire file;
u for a read and write lock of any length;
U for a lock of unknown type;
x for an SCO OpenServer Xenix lock on part  of the file;
X  for an SCO OpenServer Xenix lock on the entire file;
space if there is no lock.

7、TYPE

引用
IPv4 IPv4的包；
IPv6 使用IPv6格式的包，即使地址是IPv4的，也会显示为IPv6，而映射到IPv6的地址；
DIR 目录
LINK 链接文件

详情请看manual中更多的注释。

8、DEVICE
使用character special、block special表示的设备号
9、SIZE
文件的大小，如果不能用大小表示的，会留空。使用-s参数控制。
10、NODE
本地文件的node码，或者协议，如TCP等
11、NAME
挂载点和文件的全路径（链接会被解析为实际路径），或者连接双方的地址和端口、状态等

常用示例：

1.显示开启文件/home/oracle/10.2.0/db_1/bin/tnslsnr的进程

[root@svr-db-test ~]# lsof /home/oracle/10.2.0/db_1/bin/tnslsnr
COMMAND  PID   USER  FD   TYPE DEVICE   SIZE     NODE NAME
tnslsnr 3520 oracle txt    REG  253,5 431062 11408866 /home/oracle/10.2.0/db_1/bin/tnslsnr

2.知道22端口现在运行什么程序

[root@svr-db-test ~]# lsof -i :22
COMMAND  PID USER   FD   TYPE  DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
sshd    3101 root    3u  IPv6    8670       TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
sshd    4545 root    3u  IPv6 4237972       TCP 203.aibo.com:ssh->win-avbmq9e8ka7.gdgg.local:nsjtp-ctrl (ESTABLISHED)

3.显示init进程现在打开的文件

[root@svr-db-test ~]# lsof -c init
COMMAND PID USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE    SIZE   NODE NAME
init      1 root  cwd    DIR  253,0    4096      2 /
init      1 root  rtd    DIR  253,0    4096      2 /
init      1 root  txt    REG  253,0   43496 524446 /sbin/init
init      1 root  mem    REG  253,0  130448 917826 /lib64/ld-2.5.so
init      1 root  mem    REG  253,0 1678480 917827 /lib64/libc-2.5.so
init      1 root  mem    REG  253,0   23520 917686 /lib64/libdl-2.5.so
init      1 root  mem    REG  253,0  247528 917844 /lib64/libsepol.so.1
init      1 root  mem    REG  253,0   95480 917845 /lib64/libselinux.so.1
init      1 root   10u  FIFO   0,16           2311 /dev/initctl

4. 看进程号为1的进程打开了哪些文件

[root@svr-db-test ~]# lsof -p 1
COMMAND PID USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE    SIZE   NODE NAME
init      1 root  cwd    DIR  253,0    4096      2 /
init      1 root  rtd    DIR  253,0    4096      2 /
init      1 root  txt    REG  253,0   43496 524446 /sbin/init
init      1 root  mem    REG  253,0  130448 917826 /lib64/ld-2.5.so
init      1 root  mem    REG  253,0 1678480 917827 /lib64/libc-2.5.so
init      1 root  mem    REG  253,0   23520 917686 /lib64/libdl-2.5.so
init      1 root  mem    REG  253,0  247528 917844 /lib64/libsepol.so.1
init      1 root  mem    REG  253,0   95480 917845 /lib64/libselinux.so.1
init      1 root   10u  FIFO   0,16           2311 /dev/initctl

5. 显示归属3520的进程情况

[root@svr-db-test ~]# lsof -g 3520
COMMAND  PID PGID   USER   FD   TYPE             DEVICE      SIZE     NODE NAME
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  cwd    DIR              253,5      4096 11059201 /home/oracle
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  rtd    DIR              253,0      4096        2 /
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  txt    REG              253,5    431062 11408866 /home/oracle/10.2.0/db_1/bin/tnslsnr
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  mem    REG              253,0    130448   917826 /lib64/ld-2.5.so
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  mem    REG              253,0   1678480   917827 /lib64/libc-2.5.so
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  mem    REG              253,0     23520   917686 /lib64/libdl-2.5.so
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  mem    REG              253,0    615136   917834 /lib64/libm-2.5.so
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  mem    REG              253,0    141208   917829 /lib64/libpthread-2.5.so
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  mem    REG              253,0    109824   917839 /lib64/libnsl-2.5.so
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  mem    REG              253,5  20706622 11405436 /home/oracle/10.2.0/db_1/lib/libclntsh.so.10.1
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  mem    REG              253,5   3803097 11410641 /home/oracle/10.2.0/db_1/lib/libnnz10.so
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  mem    REG              253,5     83493 11407251 /home/oracle/10.2.0/db_1/lib/libons.so
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  mem    REG              253,0     53880   917532 /lib64/libnss_files-2.5.so
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  mem    REG              253,5      8545 11407615 /home/oracle/10.2.0/db_1/lib/libskgxn2.so
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  mem    REG              253,5    513705 11410332 /home/oracle/10.2.0/db_1/lib/libocrutl10.so
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  mem    REG              253,5    636161 11410330 /home/oracle/10.2.0/db_1/lib/libocr10.so
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  mem    REG              253,5    657825 11410331 /home/oracle/10.2.0/db_1/lib/libocrb10.so
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  mem    REG              253,5   1745769 11410365 /home/oracle/10.2.0/db_1/lib/libhasgen10.so
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle  mem    REG              253,5     61985 11410366 /home/oracle/10.2.0/db_1/lib/libclsra10.so
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle    0u   CHR                1,3               2553 /dev/null
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle    1u   CHR                1,3               2553 /dev/null
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle    2u   CHR                1,3               2553 /dev/null
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle    3w   REG              253,5 318853012 11633459 /home/oracle/10.2.0/db_1/network/log/listener.log
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle    4r  FIFO                0,6              15661 pipe
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle    5r   REG              253,5     11776 11410579 /home/oracle/10.2.0/db_1/network/mesg/nlus.msb
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle    6r   REG              253,5     46592 11407160 /home/oracle/10.2.0/db_1/network/mesg/tnsus.msb
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle    7w  FIFO                0,6              15662 pipe
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle    8u  IPv4              15665                TCP 203.aibo.com:ncube-lm (LISTEN)
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle    9u  unix 0xffff81021b7d6980              15666 /var/tmp/.oracle/s#3520.1
tnslsnr 3520 3520 oracle   10u  unix 0xffff81021b7d66c0              15668 /var/tmp/.oracle/s#3520.2

6.依照文件夹/home/oracle来搜寻，但不会打开子目录，用来显示目录下被进程开启的文件

[root@svr-db-test ~]# lsof +d /home/oracle
COMMAND  PID   USER   FD   TYPE DEVICE SIZE     NODE NAME
tnslsnr 3520 oracle  cwd    DIR  253,5 4096 11059201 /home/oracle

7. 打开/home/oracle文件夹以及其子目录搜寻，用来显示目录下被进程开启的文件

[root@svr-db-test ~]# lsof +D /home/oracle

显示内容太多了，不显示了

8. lsof -i 用以显示符合条件的进程情况

语法: lsof -i[46] [protocol][@hostname|hostaddr][:service|port]

46 --> IPv4 or IPv6

protocol --> TCP or UDP

hostname --> Internet host name

hostaddr --> IPv4位置

service --> /etc/service中的 service name (可以不只一个)

port --> 端口号 (可以不只一个)

例：

[root@svr-db-test ~]# lsof -i tcp@192.168.2.245:1521 -n
COMMAND   PID   USER   FD   TYPE  DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
oracle  15633 oracle   16u  IPv4 4069605       TCP 192.168.2.203:31580->192.168.2.245:ncube-lm (ESTABLISHED)

或

[root@svr-db-test ~]# lsof -i tcp@192.168.2.245:1521
COMMAND   PID   USER   FD   TYPE  DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
oracle  15633 oracle   16u  IPv4 4069605       TCP 203.aibo.com:31580->192.168.2.245:ncube-lm (ESTABLISHED)

lsof -n 不将IP转换为hostname，缺省是不加上-n参数

9. 显示某用户的已经打开的文件（或该用户执行程序已经打开的文件）

[root@svr-db-test ~]# lsof -u oracle或
[root@svr-db-test ~]# lsof -u 0

10. 仅打印进程，方便shell脚本调用

[root@svr-db-test ~]# lsof -tc sshd
3101
4545

关注：

进程调试命令:truss、strace和ltrace

进程无法启动，软件运行速度突然变慢，程序的"SegmentFault"等等都是让每个Unix系统用户头痛的问题，而这些问题都可以通过使用truss、strace和ltrace这三个常用的调试工具来快速诊断软件的"疑难杂症"。

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Vi Cheat Sheet

雖然現在都是用vim 比較多，但AIX 上面還是只能用vi,還是記一下操作的設定好了
以下資料摘自於http://www.lagmonster.org/docs/vi.html

Modes
Vi has two modes insertion mode and command mode. The editor begins in command mode, where the cursor movement and text deletion and pasting occur. Insertion mode begins upon entering an insertion or change command. [ESC] returns the editor to command mode (where you can quit, for example by typing :q!). Most commands execute as soon as you type them except for "colon" commands which execute when you press the ruturn key.



Quitting
:x Exit, saving changes
:q Exit as long as there have been no changes
ZZ Exit and save changes if any have been made
:q! Exit and ignore any changes



Inserting Text
i Insert before cursor
I Insert before line
a Append after cursor
A Append after line
o Open a new line after current line
O Open a new line before current line
r Replace one character
R Replace many characters



Motion
h Move left
j Move down
k Move up
l Move right
w Move to next word
W Move to next blank delimited word
b Move to the beginning of the word
B Move to the beginning of blank delimted word
e Move to the end of the word
E Move to the end of Blank delimited word
( Move a sentence back
) Move a sentence forward
{ Move a paragraph back
} Move a paragraph forward
0 Move to the begining of the line
$ Move to the end of the line
1G Move to the first line of the file
G Move to the last line of the file
nG Move to nth line of the file
:n Move to nth line of the file
fc Move forward to c
Fc Move back to c
H Move to top of screen
M Move to middle of screen
L Move to botton of screen
% Move to associated ( ), { }, [ ]



Deleting Text
Almost all deletion commands are performed by typing d followed by a motion. For example, dw deletes a word. A few other deletes are:
x Delete character to the right of cursor
X Delete character to the left of cursor
D Delete to the end of the line
dd Delete current line
:d Delete current line



Yanking Text
Like deletion, almost all yank commands are performed by typing y followed by a motion. For example, y$ yanks to the end of the line. Two other yank commands are:
yy Yank the current line
:y Yank the current line



Changing text
The change command is a deletion command that leaves the editor in insert mode. It is performed by typing c followed by a motion. For wxample cw changes a word. A few other change commands are:
C Change to the end of the line
cc Change the whole line



Putting text
p Put after the position or after the line
P Put before the poition or before the line



Buffers
Named buffers may be specified before any deletion, change, yank or put command. The general prefix has the form "c where c is any lowercase character. for example, "adw deletes a word into buffer a. It may thereafter be put back into text with an appropriate "ap.



Markers
Named markers may be set on any line in a file. Any lower case letter may be a marker name. Markers may also be used as limits for ranges.
mc Set marker c on this line
`c Go to beginning of marker c line.
'c Go to first non-blank character of marker c line.



Search for strings
/string Search forward for string
?string Search back for string
n Search for next instance of string
N Search for previous instance of string



Replace
The search and replace function is accomplished with the :s command. It is commonly used in combination with ranges or the :g command (below).
:s/pattern/string/flags Replace pattern with string according to flags.
g Flag - Replace all occurences of pattern
c Flag - Confirm replaces.
& Repeat last :s command



Regular Expressions
. (dot) Any single character except newline
* zero or more occurances of any character
[...] Any single character specified in the set
[^...] Any single character not specified in the set
^ Anchor - beginning of the line
$ Anchor - end of line
\< Anchor - begining of word
\> Anchor - end of word
\(...\) Grouping - usually used to group conditions
\n Contents of nth grouping

[...] - Set Examples
[A-Z] The SET from Capital A to Capital Z
[a-z] The SET from lowercase a to lowercase z
[0-9] The SET from 0 to 9 (All numerals)
[./=+] The SET containing . (dot), / (slash), =, and +
[-A-F] The SET from Capital A to Capital F and the dash (dashes must be specified first)
[0-9 A-Z] The SET containing all capital letters and digits and a space
[A-Z][a-zA-Z] In the first position, the SET from Capital A to Capital Z
In the second character position, the SET containing all letters

Regular Expression Examples
/Hello/ Matches if the line contains the value Hello
/^TEST$/ Matches if the line contains TEST by itself
/^[a-zA-Z]/ Matches if the line starts with any letter
/^[a-z].*/ Matches if the first character of the line is a-z and there is at least one more of any character following it
/2134$/ Matches if line ends with 2134
/\(21|35\)/ Matches is the line contains 21 or 35
Note the use of ( ) with the pipe symbol to specify the 'or' condition
/[0-9]*/ Matches if there are zero or more numbers in the line
/^[^#]/ Matches if the first character is not a # in the line
Notes:
1. Regular expressions are case sensitive
2. Regular expressions are to be used where pattern is specified


Counts
Nearly every command may be preceded by a number that specifies how many times it is to be performed. For example, 5dw will delete 5 words and 3fe will move the cursor forward to the 3rd occurence of the letter e. Even insertions may be repeated conveniently with thismethod, say to insert the same line 100 times.



Ranges
Ranges may precede most "colon" commands and cause them to be executed on a line or lines. For example :3,7d would delete lines 3-7. Ranges are commonly combined with the :s command to perform a replacement on several lines, as with :.,$s/pattern/string/g to make a replacement from the current line to the end of the file.
:n,m Range - Lines n-m
:. Range - Current line
:$ Range - Last line
:'c Range - Marker c
:% Range - All lines in file
:g/pattern/ Range - All lines that contain pattern



Files
:w file Write to file
:r file Read file in after line
:n Go to next file
:p Go to previos file
:e file Edit file
!!program Replace line with output from program



Other
~ Toggle upp and lower case
J Join lines
. Repeat last text-changing command
u Undo last change
U Undo all changes to line